Family Functioning as a Possible Factor that Modulates Empathy Levels in Dental Students

Funcionamiento familiar como posible factor que modula los niveles de empatía en estudiantes de odontología

Published 2023-05-15 — Updated on 2023-07-13

Open | Download
HTML Icon XML Icon PDF Icon Flip Icon HTML Icon XML Icon PDF Icon Flip Icon
Issue
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2023)
Section
Research Article
How to Cite
1.
Family Functioning as a Possible Factor that Modulates Empathy Levels in Dental Students. Rev. Investig. Innov. Cienc. Salud [Internet]. 2023 Jul. 13 [cited 2024 Nov. 26];5(1):160-76. Available from: https://riics.info/index.php/RCMC/article/view/178
DOI

https://doi.org/10.46634/riics.178
Dimensions
PlumX
license
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Nuvia Estrada-Méndez
Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Proyección Social; Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador; San Salvador; El Salvador
    https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-3015
    Jennifer Elizabeth Aldana Salguero
    Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador; San Salvador; El Salvador
      https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6972-9276
      Brenda Nathaly Alfaro Ortiz
      Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador; San Salvador; El Salvador
        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-7053
        Aracelis Calzadilla-Núñez
        Departamento de Investigaciones; Universidad Bernardo OHiggins; Santiago; Chile
          https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6391-2563
          Alejandro Reyes-Reyes
          Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicaciones; Universidad Santo Tomás; Concepción; Chile
            https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-0467
            Show authors biography

            Aim. The objective of this paper is to explore whether there are differences in the levels of empathy and its dimensions between family typologies in dental students.

            Methodology. A quantitative and not experimental study, with a cross-sectional descriptive design, a population of dental students from the Evangelical University of El Salvador, and a convenience sample were applied. The levels of empathy and family functioning were evaluated using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professions students and the Brief Scale of Family Functioning. The construct validity of both instruments was estimated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The reliability was estimated using McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha. Comparisons of empathy and its dimensions between family typologies were made using a two-factor analysis of variance.

            Results. No statistical differences were observed in empathy and its dimensions based on family typologies. It was found that women are more empathic than men. This result is not in accordance with other studies carried out in Latin America on dental and medical students evaluating empathy and family functioning with the same instruments.

            Conclusions. The distribution of empathy levels and their dimensions are similar among the family typologies studied. Therefore, it was not found that family functioning can influence empathy in the population studied. It is necessary to continue these studies to obtain more empirical evidence regarding the influence of family functioning on empathy.

            Article visits 747 | PDF visits 65

            1. Moore R. Maximizing Student Clinical Communication Skills in Dental Education-A Narrative Review. Dent J (Basel). 2022;10(4):57. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10040057
            2. Fortich Mesa N, Díaz-Narváez VP. Actitud empática en estudiantes de odontología de la Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez en la ciudad de Cartagena. Rev. Cienc. de la Salud. 2018;16(1):129-143. doi: https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.6495
            3. Torres-Martínez PA, Barrios-Penna CA, Fonseca-Molina JF, Díaz- Narváez VP, González-Cruz SA. Levels of empathy in dental students at Universidad San Sebastián in Concepción, Chile. Rev. Fac. Med. 2017;65(2):219-25. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v65n2.61444
            4. Díaz-Narváez VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A. Ecualización de la empatía en estudiantes de dos sedes diferentes en una facultad de odontología de una universidad chilena. Rev Med Rosario. 2019;85(1):020-026. Disponible en: https://revistamedicaderosario.org/index.php/rm/article/view/17
            5. López Arboleda GM, Betancur Vélez A, Bustamante Rodríguez A, Uribe Figueroa AM, Ortiz González AL, Agudelo Zorrilla AF, et al. Amor, empatía y conductas prosociales: una reflexión interdisciplinaria. Gloria María López Arboleda, Diego Alejandro Pérez Múnera, Editores. Medellín: Fondo Editorial Universidad Católica Luis Amigó; 2022. p. 225. Disponible en: https://tinyurl.com/28rj5epg
            6. Allen M, Frank D, Glen JC, Fardo F, Callaghan MF, Rees G. Insula and somatosensory cortical myelination and iron markers underlie individual differences in empathy. Sci Rep. 2017;3(7):43316. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43316
            7. Decety J. The contribution of forensic neuroscience to psychopathy. Encephale. 2020;46(4):301-307. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.02.007
            8. Shamay-Tsoory SG. Inter-brain plasticity underlies empathic learning in social interactions. Front Psychol. 2022;10(13):951248. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951248
            9. Glas G. Conceptual issues in neuroscientific research on empathy. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2019;65:101358. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.05.006
            10. Díaz-Narváez VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Alonso LM, Torres-Martínez PA, Cervantes Mendoza M, Fajardo-Ramos E. Empathy and Ontogeny: A Conceptual Approach. West Indian Mes J. 2017;66(3):1-4. doi: https://doi.org/10.7727/wimj.2016.344
            11. Alderman EM, Breuner CC, Grubb LK, Powers ME, Upadhya K, Wallace SB, et al. Unique Needs of the Adolescent. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2019 Dec 1;144(6). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3150
            12. Jensen SKG, Tofail F, Haque R, Petri WA Jr, Nelson CA 3rd. Child development in the context of biological and psychosocial hazards among poor families in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2019;6;14(5):e0215304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215304
            13. Leyton A. A latent class analysis to identify how patterns of Intimate Partner Violence Influence Early Childhood Development outcomes in Honduras. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;107:104609. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104609
            14. Almutairi S, Scambler S, Bernabé E. Family functioning and dental caries among preschool children. J Public Health Dent. 2022;82(4):406-414. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12475
            15. Olson DH, Russell CS, Sprenkle DH. Circumplex model of marital and family systems: VI. Theoretical update. Family Process. 1983;22(1):69-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1983.00069.x
            16. Couture S, Fernet M, Hébert M. A cluster analysis of dynamics in adolescent romantic relationships. J Adolesc. 2021;89:203-212. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.04.012
            17. Zegers B, Larraín EM, Polaino-Lorente A, Trapp A, Diez I. Validez y confiabilidad de la versión española de la escala de Cohesión y Adaptabilidad Familiar (CAF) de Olson, Russell & Sprenkle para el diagnóstico del funcionamiento familiar en la población chilena. Rev Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría. 2003;41(1):39–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92272003000100006
            18. Díaz-Narváez VP. En Metodología de la Investigación Científica y Bioestadística para Profesionales y Estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud. Primera Edición. El Salvador: Editorial UEES;. 2019.
            19. Martínez-Pampliega A, Castillo II, Vázquez MS. Validez estructural del FACES-20-Esp : Versión española de 20 ítems de la Escala de Evaluación de la Cohesión y Adaptabilidad Familiar. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación. 2011;29(1):147–165. Disponible en: https://www.aidep.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/r29art8_1.pdf
            20. Zicavo N, Palma C, Garrido G. Adaptation and validation of faces 20-ESP: family functioning awareness in Chillán, Chile. Rev. Latinoam. Cienc. Soc. Niñez Juv. 2012;10(1):219–234. Disponible en: https://tinyurl.com/2bzkztb7
            21. Yuan KH, Bentler PM. Three likelihoodbased methods for mean and Covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociol. Methodol. 2000;30(1):165–200. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00078
            22. Franco-Martínez A, Alvarado JM, Sorrel MA. Range Restriction Affects Factor Analysis: Normality, Estimation, Fit, Loadings, and Reliability. Educ Psychol Meas. 2022;83(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644221081867
            23. Grace JB, Irvine KM. Scientist's guide to developing explanatory statistical models using causal analysis principles. Ecology. 2020 Apr;101(4):e02962. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2962
            24. Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. Fourth Edition (4th ed.). Routledge; 2015.
            25. Raykov T, Hancock GR. Examining change in maximal reliability for multiple-component measuring instruments. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2005;58(1):65–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1348/000711005X38753
            26. Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Modeling. 2007;14(3):464–504. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
            27. Ye P, Ju J, Zheng K, Dang J, Bian Y. Psychometric Evaluation of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire in Chinese Parents. Front Psychol. 2022;28;13:745184. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.745184
            28. Mardia KV. Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika. 1970;57:519-530. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2334770
            29. Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021;18:17. doi: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17
            30. Staffa SJ, Zurakowski D. Statistical power and sample size calculations: A primer for pediatric surgeons. J Pediatr Surg. 2020 Jul;55(7):1173-1179. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.05.007
            31. Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User’s Guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 2017.
            32. Finney SJ, DiStefano C. Nonnormal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In: Hancock GR, Mueller RO, Editors. Structural equation modeling: A second course. 2nd ed. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing Inc., 2013. p. 439–492.
            33. Díaz-Narváez VP, Tierra-Chávez DC, Padilla M, Utsman R, Calzadilla-Núñez A. Declinación en el género y la empatía en alumnos de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central (Ecuador): Estudio transversal. Rev. Méd. Rosario. 2018;84:55-66. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1050942
            34. Díaz-Narváez VP, Silva-Vetri MG, Calzadilla-Núñez A, López García AL, de la Portilla Lopez A, Reyes-Reyes A. Empathy in professors and students of a school of dentistry in the Caribbean. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2022;22:e200240. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2022.043
            35. Díaz-Narváez VP, Erazo Coronado AM, Bilbao JL, González F, Padilla M, Calzadilla-Núñez C, et al. Reconsidering the 'Decline' of Dental Student Empathy within the Course in Latin America Acta Med Port. 2017;30(11):775-782. doi: https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.8681
            36. Díaz-Narváez V, Miranda-Carreño F, Galaz-Guajardo S, Sepúlveda-Navarro W, Zúñiga-Mogollones M, Calzadilla-Núñez A, et al. Variabilidad empática en estudiantes de odontología. Consecuencias aún no entendidas en América Latina. Rev. Fac. Med. 2022;70(1):e91207. doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed
            37. Díaz-Narváez VP, Bilbao JL, Estrada-Méndez N, Ulloque J, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Barrera-Gil D. Consideraciones sobre la declinación empática en estudiantes de medicina en Latinoamérica. Rev. Cienc. de la Salud. 2020;18(2):1-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.9258
            38. Ameh PO, Uti OG, Daramola OO. Empathy among dental students in a Nigerian institution. Eur J Dent Educ. 2019;23(2):135-142. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.12412
            39. Schmidt V, Barreyro JP, Maglio AL. Escala de evaluación del funcionamiento familiar FACES III: ¿Modelo de dos o tres factores? Escritos de Psicología - Psychological Writings. 2010;3(2):30–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v3i2.13339
            40. Ponce ER, Gómez FJ, Terán M, Irigoyen Coriad E, Landgrave Ibáñez S. Validez de constructo del cuestionario FACES III en Español (México). Atencion Primaria. 2002;30(10):624–630. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0212-6567(02)79124-5
            41. Bazo-Álvarez JC, Bazo-Alvarez OA, Aguila J, Peralta F, Mormontoy W, Bennett IM. Psychometric properties of the third version of family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scales (faces-III): A study of Peruvian adolescents. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2016:33(3):462–470. doi: https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2016.333.2299
            42. Dávila Pontón Y, Velez Calvo X, Celleri Gomezcoello A, Aguilera Muñoz J, Díaz-Narváez V, Calzadilla-Núñez A, et al. Empathy and Family Functioning in Medical Students of the University of Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador. Salud Uninorte. 2020;36(3):571-586. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.14482/sun.36.3.152.41
            43. Duran E, Padilla M, Utsman R, Reyes-Reyes A, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Díaz-Narváez V. Analysis of the relationship between empathy and family functioning in dentistry students of the Latin American University of Science and Technology (ULACIT), San José, Costa Rica. Proceedings of EDULEARN 17 Conference 3rd-5th July 2017, Barcelona, Spain. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.0816
            44. Olson DH, Sprenkle DH, Russell CS. Circumplex model of marital and family system: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Fami. Process 1979;18(1):3-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1979.00003.x
            45. Fan J, Ni X, Wang Y, Qian Y, Li X, Geng Y. Parent-Child Discrepancies in Perceived Parental Emotion Socialization: Associations with Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Chinese Families. J Youth Adolesc. 2022 Nov 24. 52: 547–560. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01711-4
            46. Wu W, Ma X, Liu Y, Qi Q, Guo Z, Li S, et al. Empathy alleviates the learning burnout of medical college students through enhancing resilience. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):481. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03554-w
            47. Brown MEL, MacLellan A, Laughey W, Omer U, Himmi G, LeBon T, Finn, et al. Can stoic training develop medical student empathy and resilience? A mixed-methods study. BMC Med Educ. 2022 May 3;22(1):340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03391-x
            48. Cao X, Chen L. Relationships between resilience, empathy, compassion fatigue, work engagement and turnover intention in haemodialysis nurses: A cross-sectional study. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29(5):1054-1063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13243
            49. Morel-Barrios M, Díaz-Reissner C. Nivel de empatía en estudiantes de odontología de una universidad paraguaya durante la atención a pacientes en el marco de la pandemia por COVID-19, 2021. Rev. Nac. (Itauguá). 2022;14 (1):018-029. doi: https://doi.org/10.18004/rdn2022.jun.01.018.029
            50. Rionda IS, González JVG, Granda FJ, Richaud M, Mestre MV, Lemos V, et al. La influencia de la cultura en los estilos parentales en contextos de vulnerabilidad social. Av. en Psicol. Latinoam. 2013;31(2):419-431. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=79928611009
            51. Calzadilla-Núñez A, Díaz-Narváez VP, Dávila-Pontón Y, Aguilera-Muñoz J. Fortich-Meza N, Aparicio-Marenco, et al. Erosión empática durante la formación médica según el género. Estudio transversal. Arch Argent Pediatr 2017;115(6):556-561. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2017.556
            Publish with RIICS

            Scimago

            Most read in the last 30 days

            Sistema OJS 3.4.0.7 - Metabiblioteca |