Challenges and Scope of Public Health for the Understanding of Contemporary Psychosocial Problems
Retos y alcances de la salud pública para la comprensión de problemáticas psicosociales contemporáneas
Abstract
Introduction. The concept of public health appears frequently in the disciplinary practices of health, social, and human sciences. However, the concept of public health is controversial because of its multifaceted and interdisciplinary nature. This happens because its meaning, theorization, and application vary according to how each discipline understands the issues it seeks to address.
Objective. To critically analyze the concept of public health and its object of study, based on its relationship and differentiation with different approaches in psychology and medicine.
Methodology. This was a study of reflection and critical analysis of the different conceptualizations and applications of public health.
Reflection. Three relevant debates have been addressed: the links of public health with psychology and medicine (1), the object of study of public health (2), and the challenges to address current social and health problems (3). The historical evolution of the concept of public health, its interdisciplinary nature, and its adaptability to sociopolitical contexts and emerging contemporary social issues are discussed.
Conclusion. Interdisciplinarity is emphasized to address emerging challenges, focusing efforts on mitigating multidimensional factors associated with global health and well-being, as well as the importance of strengthening organizational structures, developing appropriate policies, and having robust epidemiological systems to face current and future challenges.
Downloads
Citado por
Authors
References
Alber JM, Green LW, Gambescia SF, McLeroy KR, Sofalvi A, Auld ME. Highlighting contributions of behavioral and social sciences in advancing public health: Where we’ve come, where we’re headed. J Public Health Manag Pract [Internet]. 2021;27(6):e220-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000001114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001114
Gómez RD. La noción de “salud pública”: consecuencias de la polisemia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Pública [Internet]. 2002;20(1):101-16. Disponible en: https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/fnsp/article/view/871
Wasti SP, Van Teijlingen E, Simkhada P. Public Health is Truly Interdisciplinary. J Manmohan Mem Inst Health Sci [Internet]. 2020;6(1):1-2. doi: https://doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v6i1.30544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v6i1.30544
Bhargava A. Food, economics, and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269143.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269143.001.0001
McGarvey ST. Interdisciplinary translational research in anthropology, nutrition, and public health. Annu Rev Anthropol [Internet]. 2009;38(1):233-49. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164327
Navarro V. Politics and health: a neglected area of research. Eur J Public Health [Internet]. 2008;18(4):354-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn040
Detels R, Tan CC. The scope and concerns of public health. En: Detels R, Karim QA, Baum F, Li L, Leyland AH, editores. Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2021. p. 3-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0001
IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. En: Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Tignor M, Poloczanska E, et al., editores. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Monaco: IPCC; 2019. p. 3-35. Disponible en: https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/
Myers SS, Patz JA. Emerging threats to human health from global environmental change. Annu Rev Environ Resour [Internet]. 2009;34(1):223-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.033108.102650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.033108.102650
Baker RE, Mahmud AS, Miller IF, Rajeev M, Rasambainarivo F, Rice BL, et al. Infectious disease in an era of global change. Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2022;20(4):193-205. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z
Jakovljevic MB, Milovanovic O. Growing burden of non-communicable diseases in the emerging health markets: The case of BRICS. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2015;3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00065
Azari R, Borisch B. What is public health? a scoping review. Arch Public Health [Internet]. 2023;81(1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01091-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01091-6
Castilla H MA, Guerra MF, Villadiego EM. Salud Pública: un campo de confrontación del paradigma disciplinar y transdisciplinar. Rev avances en salud [Internet]. 2018;2(2):48-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/25394622.1457 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21897/25394622.1457
Pan-American Health Organization. Public health in the Americas: conceptual renewal, performance assessment, and bases for action. Washington, D.C: La Organización; 2002. 312 p. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/2748
Navarro V. Concepto actual de salud pública. En: Martínez Navarro F, editor. Salud pública. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España; 1998. p. 49-54.
Beauchamp DE. What is Public About Public Health? Health Aff (Millwood) [Internet]. 1983;2(4):76-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2.4.76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2.4.76
Muntaner C, Benach J. Why social (political, economic, cultural, ecological) determinants of health? Part 1: Background of a contested construct. Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv [Internet]. 2023;53(2):117-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/27551938231152996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/27551938231152996
Acheson ED. On the state of the public health [The fourth Duncan lecture]. Public Health [Internet]. 1988;102(5):431-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(88)80080-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(88)80080-5
Huang WY, Wong SH, Gao Y. Public Health. In: Michalos AC, editor. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 5208-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2321
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health. The future of public health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1988. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218218/
France FR. Biographical Lexicon of Public Health: Review. South Eastern European journal of public health [Internet]. 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.56801/seejph.vi.331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56801/seejph.vi.331
Landínez DA, Montoya DA. Políticas de salud pública para la prevención y el tratamiento de la enfermedad vascular cerebral: una revisión sistemática por medio de la metodología ToS (Tree of Science). Medicina UPB [Internet]. 2019;38(2):129-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.18566/medupb.v38n2.a05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18566/medupb.v38n2.a05
Metcalf CJ, Edmunds WJ, Lessler J. Six challenges in modelling for public health policy. Epidemics [Internet]. 2015;10:93-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.008
World Health Organization. The World health report: 1998: life in the 21st century: a vision for all: report of the Director-General. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
World Health Organization. Health21: the health for all policy framework for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; 1999.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Las funciones esenciales de la salud pública en las Américas. Una renovación para el siglo XXI. Marco conceptual y descripción. Washington, D.C.: OPS; 2020. 106 p. doi: https://doi.org/10.37774/9789275322642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37774/9789275322642
World Health Organization. The Global Health Observatory. Health and well-being [2024/01/15]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being
Franco A. Tendencias y teorías en salud pública. Rev Fac Nac Salud Pública [Internet]. 2006;24(2):119-30. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-386X2006000200012
Guardia MA, Ruvalcaba JC. La salud y sus determinantes, promoción de la salud y educación sanitaria. J Negative No Positive Results [Internet]. 2020;5(1):81-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.19230/10.19230/jonnpr.3215
Sáenz Madrigal MR. Equidad y determinantes sociales de la salud: reflexiones desde América Latina. En: Colección Estudios, N°16, Serie Análisis, Área Salud. Madrid: EUROsociAL; 2015. 43 p. Disponible en: http://sia.eurosocial-ii.eu/files/docs/1445409020-Equidad%20y%20determinantes%20sociales%20de%20la%20salud.pdf
Marinho ML, Dahuabe A, Arenas de Mesa A. Salud y desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe: la centralidad de la salud para el desarrollo social inclusivo y sostenible. Serie Políticas Sociales, N° 244 (LC/TS.2023/115). Santiago: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); 2023. 75 p.
Coggon J. Is public health just science? Values, politics and varied but collective practices to secure better health with justice. J Public Health (Oxf) [Internet]. 2022;44(Suppl1):i34-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdac094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdac094
Gómez J, Calvache José A. El artículo de reflexión. Rev colomb anestesiol [Internet]. 2018;46(Suppl2):1-2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/cj9.0000000000000037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CJ9.0000000000000037
DeAngelis T. A successful marriage of psychology and public health. Monitor on Psychology [Internet]. 2001;32(3) :40. Disponible en: https://www.apa.org/monitor/mar01/publichealth
Halkitis PN. A new public health psychology to mend the chasm between public health and clinical care. The American Psychologist [Internet]. 2020;75(9):1289-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000743
Munthe C. The goals of public health: An integrated, multidimensional model. Public Health Ethics [Internet]. 2008;1(1):39-52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phn006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phn006
Arrivillaga-Quintero M. Psicología y salud pública: tensiones, encuentros y desafíos. Universitas Psychologica [Internet]. 2009;8(1):137-48. Disponible en: https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/revPsycho/article/view/407
Trudel-Fitzgerald C, Millstein RA, von Hippel C, Howe CJ, Tomasso LP, Wagner GR, VanderWeele TJ. Psychological well-being as part of the public health debate? Insight into dimensions, interventions, and policy. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2019;19(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8029-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8029-x
Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2006;3(11):e442. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349(9064):1498-504. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2
Agteren J, Iasiello M. Advancing our understanding of mental wellbeing and mental health: The call to embrace complexity over simplification. Australian Psychologist [Internet]. 2020;55(4):307-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12440
Buss PM, Hartz ZM de A, Pinto LF, Rocha CMF. Promoção da saúde e qualidade de vida: uma perspectiva histórica ao longo dos últimos 40 anos (1980-2020). Cienc Saude Coletiva [Internet]. 2020;25(12):4723-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202512.15902020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202512.15902020
Wahass SH. The role of psychologists in health care delivery. J Family Community Med [Internet]. 2005;12(2):63. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23012077/
Suls J, Krantz DS, Williams GC. Three strategies for bridging different levels of analysis and embracing the biopsychosocial model. Health Psychol [Internet]. 2013;32(5):597-601. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031197
Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science [Internet]. 1977;196(4286):129-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.847460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460
Green LW. Public health asks of community psychology…. Am J Community Psychol [Internet]. 2008;41(3-4):404-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9167-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9167-y
Rosen A, Gill N, Salvador-Carulla L. The future of community psychiatry and community mental health services. Curr Opin Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020;33(4):375-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000620
Sallay V, Martos T, Lucza L, Papp-Zipernovszky O, Csabai M. Health Psychology Services for People in Disadvantaged Regions of Hungary: Experiences from the Primary Health Care Development Model Program. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2023;20(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053900
Bang C. Estrategias comunitarias en promoción de salud mental: Construyendo una trama conceptual para el abordaje de problemáticas psicosociales complejas. Psicoperspectivas [Internet]. 2014;13(2):109-20. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol13-issue2-fulltext-399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-Vol13-Issue2-fulltext-399
Gopalkrishnan N, Babacan H. Cultural diversity and mental health. Australas Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015;23(Suppl 6):6-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856215609769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856215609769
Kirmayer L, Simpson C, Cargo M. Healing traditions: Culture, community and mental health promotion with Canadian aboriginal peoples. Australas Psychiatry [Internet]. 2003;11(Suppl1):S15-23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1038-5282.2003.02010.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1038-5282.2003.02010.x
Barrio C. The cultural relevance of community support programs. Psychiatr Serv [Internet]. 2000;51(7):879-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.51.7.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.51.7.879
Magruder KM, McLaughlin KA, Elmore Borbon DL. Trauma is a public health issue. Eur J Psychotraumatol [Internet]. 2017;8(1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375338
Franco S. A social-medical approach to violence in Colombia. Am J Public Health [Internet]. 2003;93(12):2032-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.12.2032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.12.2032
Leiva- Peña V, Rubí-González P, Vicente-Parada B. Determinantes sociales de la salud mental: políticas públicas desde el modelo biopsicosocial en países latinoamericanos. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2021;45:1-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.158
Alonso-Cabrera G. Teorías y modelos en la salud pública del siglo XX. Colomb Med [Internet]. 2014;35(3):164-8. Disponible en: https://colombiamedica.univalle.edu.co/index.php/comedica/article/view/305
Duque L. El objeto de estudio de la salud pública. Rev Fac Nac Salud Pública [Internet]. 1993;12(2):43-62. Disponible en: https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/fnsp/article/view/25078/20531
Jarillo-Soto EC, López-Arellano O. Salud Pública: Objeto de Conocimiento, Prácticas y Formación. Rev salud pública [Internet]. 2007;9(1):140-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642007000100014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642007000100014
Jarvis T, Scott F, El-Jardali F, Alvarez E. Defining and classifying public health systems: a critical interpretive synthesis. Health Res Policy Syst [Internet]. 2020;18(1):68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00583-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00583-z
Scutchfield FD, Ingram RC. Public health systems and services research: Building the evidence base to improve public health practice. Public Health Rev [Internet]. 2013;35(1):1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03391693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391693
Comelles J. La utopía de la atención integral de salud. Autoatención, práctica médica y asistencia primaria. Revisiones en salud pública. 1993;3:169-92.
Franco A. Configuraciones, modelos de salud y enfoques basados en la Atención Primaria en Latinoamérica, siglo XXI. Una revisión narrativa. Rev Ger Pol Sal [Internet]. 2020;19. doi: https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.rgps19.cmse DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.rgps19.cmse
López-Moreno S, Garrido-Latorre F, Hernández-Avila M. Desarrollo histórico de la epidemiología: su formación como disciplina científica. Salud pública Méx [Internet]. 2000;42(2):133-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36342000000200009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342000000200009
Gofin J, Gofin R. Atención primaria orientada a la comunidad: un modelo de salud pública en la atención primaria. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2007;21(2-3):177-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892007000200012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892007000200012
León CA. Perspectivas de la salud mental comunitaria en Latinoamérica. Salud mental [Internet]. 1999;22(Esp):48-56. Disponible en: http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/782
Thornicroft G, Alem A, Antunes Dos Santos R, Barley E, Drake RE, Gregorio G, et al. WPA guidance on steps, obstacles and mistakes to avoid in the implementation of community mental health care. World Psychiatry [Internet]. 2010;9(2):67-77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00276.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00276.x
Organización Panamericana de la Salud [OPS]. Agenda de salud sostenible para las Américas 2018-2030 Un llamado a la acción para la salud y el bienestar en la región. Washington D. C.: La Organización; 2017. 57 p. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49169
Pan-American Health Organization. Public health capacity in Latin America and the Caribbean: assessment and strengthening. Washington DC: PAHO; 2007. 79 p.
Couto MT, De Oliveira E, Separavich MAA, Luiz ODC. La perspectiva feminista de la interseccionalidad en el campo de la salud pública: revisión narrativa de las producciones teórico-metodológicas. Salud Colect [Internet]. 2019;15:1-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18294/sc.2019.1994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18294/sc.2019.1994
DeSalvo KB, Wang YC, Harris A, Auerbach J, Koo D, O’Carroll P. Public health 3.0: A call to action for public health to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Prev Chronic Dis [Internet]. 2017;14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170017
Bjørn Jensen L, Lukic I, Gulis G. The delivery of health promotion and environmental health services; Public health or primary care settings? Healthcare [Internet]. 2018;6(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6020042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6020042
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Módulos de Principios de Epidemiología para el Control de Enfermedades, segunda edición. Washington D.C.: OPS; 2002. Disponible en: https://www3.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9161:2013-mopece-training-modules-epidemiology&Itemid=0&lang=es#gsc.tab=0
Outwater AH, Leshabari SC, Nolte E. Disease prevention: An overview. En: International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Elsevier; 2017. p. 338-49. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780128037089/international-encyclopedia-of-public-health DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00117-X
Hussain M. Primordial prevention: The missing link in neurological care. J Family Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2021;10(1):31-4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1806_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1806_20
Kisling LA, Das JM. Prevention Strategies. St. Petersburg: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Martins C, Godycki-Cwirko M, Heleno B, Brodersen J. Quaternary prevention: reviewing the concept: Quaternary prevention aims to protect patients from medical harm. Eur J Gen Pract [Internet]. 2018;24(1):106-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1422177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1422177
Brodersen J, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Overdiagnosis: How cancer screening can turn indolent pathology into illness. APMIS [Internet]. 2014;122(8):683-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apm.12278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12278
Báscolo E, Houghton N, Del Riego A. Leveraging household survey data to measure barriers to health services access in the Americas. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2020;44:1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.100
Houghton N, Bascolo E, Del Riego A. Socioeconomic inequalities in access barriers to seeking health services in four Latin American countries. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2020;44:1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.11
Houghton N, Bascolo E, Del Riego A. Monitoring access barriers to health services in the Americas: a mapping of household surveys. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2020;44:1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.96 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.96
Aluttis C, Van den Broucke S, Chiotan C, Costongs C, Michelsen K, Brand H. Public health and health promotion capacity at national and regional level: a review of conceptual frameworks. J Public Health Res [Internet]. 2014;3(1):37-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2014.199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2014.199
Bloland P, Simone P, Burkholder B, Slutsker L, De Cock KM. The role of public health institutions in global health system strengthening efforts: the US CDC’s perspective. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2012;9(4):e1001199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001199
Article Sidebar
HTML (Español (España))
XML (Español (España))
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).