Psychometric Characterization and Empathic Distribution between Academic Areas in Nursing Students
Caracterización psicométrica y distribución empática entre las áreas académicas en estudiantes de enfermería
Abstract
Aim. The objective of the study is to psychometrically characterize the empathy data and its dimensions, as well as to determine the empathic distribution among the academic areas in the process of training undergraduate nursing students.
Methods. This is a comparative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. The studied sample consisted of 365 nursing students of both sexes belonging to the Faculty of Nursing of the Universidad Veracruzana, México. The total population was 425 students and the sample constituted 85.88% of the total number of students (May to July 2022). The psychometric properties of the Empathy Scale for Health Professionals, student version (reliability, construct validity, and model invariance) were studied. To describe and compare the groups, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and graphs of the means with bars —representing the 95% confidence interval— were used.
Results. The empathy measure reaches satisfactory reliability coefficients and it presents adequate indicators of construct validity indicators, resulting in an invariant measure according to academic area and sex. The existence of deficits in some of the dimensions of empathy was found.
Conclusion. The psychometric analysis (model of underlying dimensions and invariance), prior to the estimation of the empathy parameters, constitutes a methodological necessity that theoretically guarantees the estimation of the empathy levels and the comparison between groups. The distribution of empathy levels between academic areas was characterized by a deficit in the dimensions of compassionate care and "walking in the patient's shoes".
Downloads
Citado por
Authors
References
Gunawan J, Aungsuroch Y, Watson J, Marzilli C. Nursing Administration: Watson's Theory of Human Caring. Nurs Sci Q [Internet]. 2022;35(2):235-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/08943184211070582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08943184211070582
Wu HL, Volker DL. Humanistic Nursing Theory: application to hospice and palliative care. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2012 Feb;68(2):471-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05770.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05770.x
Taghinezhad F, Mohammadi E, Khademi M, Kazemnejad A. Humanistic Care in Nursing: Concept Analysis Using Rodgers' Evolutionary Approach. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res [Internet]. 2022 Mar 14;27(2):83-91. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419263/
Sousa KHJF, Damasceno CKCS, Almeida CAPL, Magalhães JM, Ferreira MA. Humanization in urgent and emergency services: contributions to nursing care. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2019;40:1-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2019.20180263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2019.20180263
Hoemann K, Xu F, Barrett LF. Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis. Dev Psychol [Internet]. 2019 Sep;55(9):1830-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000686
Casey BJ, Heller AS, Gee DG, Cohen AO. Development of the emotional brain. Neurosci Lett [Internet]. 2019;693:29-34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.055
Larsen B, Luna B. Adolescence as a neurobiological critical period for the development of higher-order cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev [Internet]. 2018;94:179-95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005
Faroh A. Cognition of the adolescent according to Piaget & Vygotski: two sides of the same coin? Bol.-Acad Paul Psicol [Internet]. 2007; 27(2): 148-66. Disponible en: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-711X2007000200013&lng=pt&nrm=iso
Winters DE, Pruitt PJ, Fukui S, Cyders MA, Pierce BJ, Lay K, et al. Network functional connectivity underlying dissociable cognitive and affective components of empathy in adolescence. Neuropsychologia [Internet]. 2021;118:156107832. doi: https://doi.org/10.46664/riics.178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107832
Estrada-Méndez N, Aldana JE, Alfaro BN, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Reyes-Reyes A, Díaz-Narváez VP. Family functioning as a possible factor that modulates empathy levels in dental students. Revista de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias de la Salud. 2023;5(1):160-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.46634/riics.178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46634/riics.178
Zarei B, Salmabadi M, Amirabadizadeh A, Vagharseyyedin SA. Empathy and cultural competence in clinical nurses: A structural equation modelling approach. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2019;26(7-8):2113-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018824794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018824794
Cameron CD, Conway P, Scheffer JA. Empathy regulation, prosociality, and moral judgment. Curr Opin Psychol [Internet]. 2022;44:188-95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.011
Suazo I, Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Molero Jurado MDM, Martos Martínez Á, Simón Márquez MDM, Barragán Martín AB, et al. Moral Sensitivity, Empathy and Prosocial Behavior: Implications for Humanization of Nursing Care. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020;17(23):8914. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238914
Taylor R, Thomas-Gregory A, Hofmeyer A. Teaching empathy and resilience to undergraduate nursing students: A call to action in the context of Covid-19. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2020;94:104524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104524
Ulloque MJ, Villalba S, Foscarini G, Quinteros S, Calzadilla A, Reyes-Reyes A, et al. Family Functioning as an Explanatory Factor of Empathic Behavior in Argentine Medical Students. Behav. Sci [Internet]. 2023;13(5):1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050356
Dávila-Pontón Y, Reyes-Reyes A, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Utsman R, Torres-Martínez PA, Díaz-Narváez VP. Empathy and personality styles in medical students. Revista Colombiana de Psicología [Internet]. 2020;29(2), 73-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v29n2.82988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v29n2.82988
Yang X, He Y, Luo B, Zhao L, Huang C, Liao S. Associations between adolescents' empathy and prosocial attributes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Pediatr. 2023 Apr 3;23(1):157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03977-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03977-4
Hay DF, Paine AL, Perra O, Cook KV, Hashmi S, Robinson C, et al. Prosocial and Aggressive Behavior: A Longitudinal Study. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2021;86(2):7-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12427
Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Vergare M, Magee M. Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2002;159(9):1563-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1563
Díaz-Narváez VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, López-Orellana P, Utsman-Abarca R, Alonso-Palacio LM. Empathic decline and training in nursing students. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2020 Oct 12;54:e03619. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2019006803619
Calzadilla-Núñez A, Díaz-Narváez VP, Dávila-Pontón Y, Aguilera-Muñoz J, Fortich-Mesa N, Aparicio-Marenco D, et al. Erosion of empathy during medical training by gender. A cross-sectional study. Arch Argent Pediatr [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1;115(6):556-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2017.eng.556 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2017.eng.556
Dávila Pontón Y, Díaz-Narváez VP, Montero Andrade B, López Terán JJ, Reyes-Reyes A, Calzadilla-Núñez A. Working nurses’ empathy with patients in public hospitals. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem [Internet]. 2023;31:1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6591.3969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6591.3969
Castillo VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Moya-Ahumada C, Torres-Martínez P, Pastén PC, Díaz-Narváez VP. Psychometric properties of the Jefferson Empathy Scale in four nursing student faculties. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2021;55:e03741. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2020023903741
Hoffmann F, Stover JB, de la Iglesia G, Fernández M. Polychoric and tetrachoric correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factorial studies. Cien Psicol [Internet]. 2013; 7(2):151-64. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1688-42212013000200005&lng=es&nrm=iso
Díaz-Narváez VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Reyes-Reyes A, Silva-Vetri MG, Torres-Martínez P, González-Díaz ES, et al. Psychometry and Cut-off Points of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy in Medical Students in Central America and the Caribbean. P R Health Sci J [Internet]. 2022;41(1):22-8. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35438891/
Luna D, González-Velázquez MS, Acevedo-Peña M, Figuerola-Escoto RP, Lezana-Fernández MA, Meneses-González F. Relación entre empatía, asertividad, ansiedad y depresión en estudiantes mexicanos de enfermería. Index Enferm [Internet]. 2022;31(2):129-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.58807/indexenferm20225088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58807/indexenferm20225088
Álvarez J, Sáchica JP, Villalba JA. Percepción de los pacientes acerca de la empatía de las enfermeras en Monterrey (México). RECS. 2018;9(1):46-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2018.4252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2018.4252
Díaz-Narváez VP, Amezaga-Avitia AC, Sarabia-Alvarez PA, Lagos-Elgueta M, Saavedra-Madrid M, Silva-Reyes P. Chilean Dentistry students, levels of empathy and empathic erosion: Necessary evaluation before a planned intervention: Levels of empathy, evaluation and intervention. Saudi Dent J [Internet]. 2018;30(2):117-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.11.004
Díaz-Narváez V, Herazo-Beltrán Y, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Osorio-Cerda L, Gauna-Quiñonez AE. Diagnosis of the empathic situation in students of physioteraphy: cross-sectional study. Salud Uninorte [Internet]. 2018;34(3):664-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/sun.34.3.615.82 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14482/sun.34.3.615.82
Hojat M, Maio V, Pohl C, Gonella JS. Clinical empathy: definition, measurement, correlates, group differences, erosion, enhancement, and healthcare outcomes. Discov Health Systems [Internet]. 2023;2:1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44250-023-00020-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44250-023-00020-2
Merino-Soto C, López-Fernández V, Grinaldo-Muchotrigo M. Invarianza de Medición y Estructural de la Escala Básica de Empatía Breve (BES-B) en Niños y Adolescentes Peruanos. Rev Colomb Psicol [Internet]. 2019;28(2):15-32. doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v28n2.69478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v28n2.69478
Bland JM, Altman DG. Cronbach’s Alpha. BMJ [Internet]. 1997;314:572.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572
Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling [Internet]. 1999;6(1): 1-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Test¬ing Measurement Invariance. Struct Equ Modeling [Internet]. 2002;9(2):233-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Vallejo G, Fernández P, Livacic-Rojas P. Pruebas robustas para modelos ANOVA de dos factores con varianzas heterogéneas. Psicológica [Internet]. 2010;31(1):129-48. Disponible en: https://psicologicajournal.com/robust-tests-for-two-way-anova-models-under-heteroscedasticity/
Díaz-Narváez VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Reyes-Reyes A, Lastre Amell G, Castellón-Montenegro H, Andrade Valles I, et al. Empathy, psychometrics, cut-off points in nursing students from Latin America. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2023 Jun;70(2):185-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12783
Cárdenas M, Arancibia H. Potencia estadística y cálculo del tamaño del efecto en G*Power: complementos a las pruebas de significación estadística y su aplicación en psicología. Salud & Sociedad [Internet]. 2014;5(2):210-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.22199/S07187475.2014.0002.00006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22199/S07187475.2014.0002.00006
Rendón-Macías ME, Zarco-Villavicencio IS, Villasís-Keever MA. Métodos estadísticos para el análisis del tamaño del efecto. Rev alerg Méx [Internet]. 2021;68(2):128-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v658i2.949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v658i2.949
Pérez Pelea L. ¿Cómo proceder ante el incumplimiento de las premisas de los métodos paramétricos? o ¿cómo trabajar con variables biológicas no normales? Revista Jard. Bot. Nac [Internet]. 2018;39:1-12. Disponible en: https://revistas.uh.cu/rjbn/article/view/6718
Blanco M, Guevara B, Mejías M. La compasión como elemento clave de la práctica profesional en las instituciones de salud. Benessere [Internet]. 2021;6(1):1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.22370/bre.61.2021.3039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22370/bre.61.2021.3039.
Díaz-Narváez VP, Muñoz-Gámbaro G, Duarte-Gómez N, Reyes-Martínez MC, Caro Sara E, Calzadilla-Núñez A, et al. Empatia en estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Mayor, sede Temuco, IX región, Chile. Aquichan [Internet]. 2014;14(3):388-402. doi: https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2014.14.3.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2014.14.3.9
Fernández-Aragón SP, Díaz-Pérez A, Díaz-Narváez VP. Niveles de empatía en estudiantes de enfermería en Colombia. Rev Cuba Enf [Internet]. 2019;35(3):1-14. Disponible en: https://revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/2436/456
Castillo VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Moya-Ahumada C, Torres-Martínez P, Pastén PC, Díaz-Narváez VP. Psychometric properties of the Jefferson Empathy Scale in four nursing student faculties. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2021;55:1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2020023903741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x2020023903741
Díaz-Narváez VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, López-Orellana P, Utsman-Abarca R, Alonso-Palacio LM. Empathic decline and training in nursing students. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2020;54:1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2019006803619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x2019006803619
Velando-Soriano A, Suleiman-Martos N, Pradas-Hernández L, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Ramírez-Baena L, Gómez-Urquiza JL, et al. Factors related to the appearance and development of burnout in nursing students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2023;11:1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1142576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1142576
Bond CAE, Tsikandilakis M, Stacey G, Hui A, Timmons S. The effects of compassion-based feedback on wellbeing ratings during a professional assessment healthcare task. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2021;99:104788. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104788
Hurley J, Hutchinson M, Kozlowski D, Gadd M, van Vorst S. Emotional intelligence as a mechanism to build resilience and non-technical skills in undergraduate nurses undertaking clinical placement. Int J Ment Health Nurs [Internet]. 2020; 29(1):47-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12607
Kiosses VN, Karathanos VT, Tatsioni A. Empathy promoting interventions for health professionals: a syntematic review of RCTs. J. Compassionate Health Care [Internet]. 2016;3:1-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40639-016-0024-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40639-016-0024-9
Weisz E, Ong DC, Carlson RW, Zaki J. Building empathy through motivation-based interventions. Emotion [Internet]. 2021 Aug;21(5):990-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000929
Chua JYX, Ang E, Lau STL, Shorey S. Effectiveness of simulation-based interventions at improving empathy among healthcare students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2021;104:105000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105000
Mottaghi S, Poursheikhali H, Shameli L. Empathy, compassion fatigue, guilt and secondary traumatic stress in nurses. Nurs Ethics [Internet]. 2020;27(2):494-504. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019851548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019851548
Jia-Ru J, Yan-Xue Z, Wen-Nv H. Empathy ability of nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2022;101(32):e30017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030017
Morales-Rodríguez FM, Espigares-López I, Brown T, Pérez-Mármol JM. The Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and Psychosocial Factors in University Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020;17(13):4778. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134778 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134778
Taylor R, Thomas-Gregory A, Hofmeyer A. Teaching empathy and resilience to undergraduate nursing students: A call to action in the context of Covid-19. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2020;94:04524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104524
Jeon J, Choi S. Factors Influencing Patient-Centeredness among Korean Nursing Students: Empathy and Communication Self-Efficacy. Healthcare (Basel) [Internet]. 2021;9(6):727. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060727
Díaz-Narváez VP, Silva-Vetri MG, Calzadilla-Núñez A, López García AL, De la Portilla Lopez A, Reyes-Reyes A. Empathy in professors and students of a school of dentistry in the Caribbean. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr [Internet]. 2022;22:e200240. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2022.043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2022.043
Lobchuk M, Hoplock L, Harder N, Friesen M, Rempel J, Bathi PR. Usability Testing of a Web-Based Empathy Training Portal: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Form Res [Internet]. 2023;7:e41222. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/41222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/41222
Berduzco-Torres N, Medina P, San-Martín M, Delgado Bolton RC, Vivanco L. Non-academic factors influencing the development of empathy in undergraduate nursing students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs [Internet]. 2021;20(1):1-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00773-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00773-2
Loyola da Silva TC, de Medeiros Pinheiro Fernandes AK, Brito do O'Silva C, de Mesquita Xavier SS, Bezerra de Macedo EA. El impacto de la pandemia en el papel de la enfermería: una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Enfermo. globo [Internet]. 2021;20(63): 502-43. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.454061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.454061
Dhar E, Upadhyay U, Huang Y, Uddin M, Manias G, Kyriazis D, et al. A scoping review to assess the effects of virtual reality in medical education and clinical care. Digit Health [Internet]. 2023;9:20552076231158022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231158022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231158022
Dewart G, Corcoran L, Thirsk L, Petrovic K. Nursing education in a pandemic: Academic challenges in response to COVID-19. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2020;92:104471. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104471
Wercelens VO, Bueno ML, Bueno JL, Abrahim RP, Ydy JGM, Zanetti HR, et al. Empathy and psychological concerns among medical students in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Psychiatry Med [Internet]. 2023;58(5):510-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174231179069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174231179069
Article Sidebar
HTML (Español (España))
XML (Español (España))
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).